High Silicon Aluminium Piston Alloys: Materials Research, Features of Production and Prospects
Processy litʹâ, 2019, Tom 135, №3, p.14-32
Keywords:
piston aluminum alloy, ingot, primary silicon, technological plasticity, modification, oxide bifilmsAbstract
Received 17.04.2019
UDK 621.746.6:669.715-41
The review lists requirements for piston materials of a modern high loaded engine and the chemical composition of the most common high-silicon piston aluminum alloys. They are alloys containing 16−25 % Si and additives of Cu, Mg, Ni, mainly. A brief description of the main production methods of pistons from high-silicon alloys is given, among which isothermal stamping (forging) occupies a special position. Deformability of piston siluminum undergone forging greatly depends on sizes and homogeneity of structure components, first of all, primary silicon crystals, the volume of scattered porosity, a quantity of the remaining hydrogen and silicon gravitational segregation in the ingots. The features of nucleation and growth of primary silicon crystals, which determine the level of mechanical properties, are described. A quantity and sizes of primary silicon crystals are influenced mostly with time-temperature cooling the ingots and presenсе of active isomorphic refractory particles in the melt. Methods to increase technological plasticity of ingots made from high-silicon aluminum alloys, the modifying with phosphorus-containing ligatures first of all, are analyzed. New points of view on the mechanism of heterogeneous silicon nucleation and the role of oxide inclusions, the most harmful enclosed oxide bifilms, predominantly, in the formation of the primary structure are presented. Prospects for the production of high-quality piston alloys are considered in the aspect of modifying by means of disperse Al–P and Al–Si–P ligatures and complex multi-stage refining.
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